Computing Number of Bits to be processed using Shift and Log in Arithmetic Coding

Arithmetic coding is a very efficient and most popular entropy coding technique. Arithmetic coding method is based on the fact that the cumulative probability of a symbol sequence corresponds to a unique subinterval of the initial interval [0, 1). In this method, when encoding a symbol, it first computes new interval [low, high) based on cumulative probability segment of the symbol. Thereafter it iterates in a loop to output code bits till the interval becomes 2b-2 wide, where b is number of bits used to store range of an interval. In conventional implementation of arithmetic coding algorithm, in single loop iteration, only one bit is processed at a time. When most significant bit (msb) of low and high of a subinterval matches, it writes this msb in coded message and doubles the interval by extracting msb. When underflow occurs, it extracts second msb to expand an interval. Processing such single bit and expanding an interval is also called renormalization in a loop. In this paper, an upgradation of this conventional arithmetic coding algorithm is proposed, wherein more than one bit is processed at a time instead of just single bit in single iteration. This proposed multi-bit processing arithmetic coding algorithm is implemented here to reduce the iterations needed in renormalizing an interval. It is observed that processing multiple output bits at a time leads to big improvement in execution time. To determine the number of maximum possible matching most significant bits to output, two alternatives are used here; (i) Using shift operation in a loop (ii) Using log function. It is found